Identification of B(A) subtype and analysis of bood transfusion strategiaes / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the serology and genotype identification method of B (A) subtype patients. 【Methods】 Test tube method (serology) was used to confirm the clinically difficult ABO blood group samples of 3 patients with ABO blood group; ABO blood group was genotyped by real-time PCR, and the ABO gene exon 1-7 was sequenced to determine the genotype. 【Results】 The forward and reverse blood typing result of three patients was B (A) subtype all with ABO genotype B/O2 and c.640A> G mutation on B allele of exon 7, which meets the characteristics of ABO * BA.04 genotype. 【Conclusion】 The combination of serological and genetic testing could identify difficult blood types such as ABO subtypes accurately and ensure the safety of clinical blood use.

Identification and clinical transfusion of B (A) subgroup / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To carry out serological and molecular biological identification of B (A) subtype, and discuss the rational blood transfusion strategy. 【Methods】 Serological and direct sequencing methods were used to detect serotype and genotype of 7 cases of B (A) subtype, and cross matching was performed by saline medium and anti human globulin card to analyze the red blood cells(RBCs) transfusion strategy. 【Results】 The serology results of blood type of 7 samples were similar, with B(A)04/O01 in 3 cases, B(A)04/O02 in 2 cases and B(A)02/O01 in 2 cases. 7 cases of B (A) subtypes were matched with randomly selected blood donors of type O and B on the major side. 【Conclusion】 B(A) subtypes should be identified by genotyping techniques. Washed RBCs of type B and O can be used for B(A) blood type transfusion.

Identification and pedigree investigation of B(A) and cisAB blood groups / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the serological and molecular genetic characteristics of B(A) and cisAB blood groups discovered in our laboratory. 【Methods】 ABO blood group serology and genetic tests were used to identify blood groups of 6 blood samples, submitted by blood center and hospitals in Shandong, and pedigree investigation was carried on 2 of them. 【Results】 Among the 6 samples, serological results were B(A) in 5 cases and cisAB in 1 case. The results of genetic tests were consistent with the serological results, as the alleles included B(A)04, B(A)02 and cisAB01, and all genotypes were heterozygous with O. Serological pedigree study was conducted on 2 samples: One cisAB patient with his 4 relatives(cisAB type father and three O type relatives) and one B(A)02/O1 donor with his 3 relatives[ B(A) type father/brother and O type mother). For B(A)02/O1 donor, the results of genetic testing were consistent with the serological results, as the paternal genotype was the same as that of the proband, the younger brother was B(A)02/O2, and the maternal genotype was O1/O2. 【Conclusion】 The cisAB and B(A) blood groups are often indistinguishable by serological phenotypes and require genetic confirmation. CisAB pedigree investigation revealed 2 cases of cisAB blood type and B(A) pedigree investigation revealed 3 cases of B(A). The genotyping of cisAB and B(A) in this region were cisAB01/O2, B(A)02/O1, B(A)02/O2, B(A)04/O1 and B(A)04/O2. B(A)and cisAB subtypes can be accurately identified through genetic testing and pedigree investigation, which can provide a reliable basis for blood transfusion selection and ensure the safety of clinical blood transfusion.

The clinical serological characterization of cisAB and B(A) blood groups / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To determine the rare ABO blood subgroups rapidly and ensure the blood transfusion safety of five patients by a series of serological tests and family investigation, as their preliminary serological results of ABO blood grouping was inconsistent. 【Methods】 ABO blood grouping, antibody screening and Coombs′ tests were performed by the routine serological methods, including manual tube and automatic blood group analyzer, which had matched micro-column gel cards from Diagnostic Grifols. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the 6 and 7 exons as well as their adjacent intron region of ABO gene. The patients and their relatives′ ABO blood group and subgroup were analyzed and identified through the comparison with serological phenotype database of ABO blood group. The products of PCR were sequenced directly, and the gene mutation was identified through the comparison with the Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database. 【Results】 Whether micro-column gel cards or manual tube test, the forward and reverse tests of serological grouping were not supported by each other on the five patients′ ABO blood grouping. The forward tests of patients No.1~3 showed AwB phenotype and the reverse tests showed B group. No.4 patient was the forward ABw phenotype and the reverse A group, and No.5 patient was the forward normal AB phenotype and the reverse B group, respectively. All of 5 patients′ Rh C/D/E blood grouping showed clearly; the IDT test and antibody screening result of patient No.1 was positive, while the antibody screening result of patient No.4 was negative. 【Conclusion】 The blood group serological characterization of patient No.1~3 met B(A) blood group, and patient No.4~5 met CisAB blood group. These tests can make a preliminary diagnosis of blood group phenotype, which are verified correctly via blood group genotype.

Applications of functional genomics in research of benzo[a]pyrenetoxicity：a review / 预防医学

Abstract@#Benzo [a] pyrene ( B [a] P ) is a well-recognized environmental pollutant. Exposure to B[a]P elicits many adverse biological effects, including tumorigenesis, immunosuppression, teratogenicity, and hormonal effects. In addition to B [a] P exposure-induced genetic damages, a growing number of studies demonstrate that epigenetic changes play an important role in chemically induced carcinogenesis. In order to provide better understanding of epigenetic changes of B [a] P and their potential association with genotoxic endpoints, this review summarizes the advances in the applications of functional genomics in the research of B [a] P toxicity, including functional genomics techniques, regulation of human genome expression, DNA sequence variability, model organisms research, and bioinformatics studies, so as to provide insights into the management of B [a] P exposure-induced health injuries and use of genomics techniques to unravel the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of other environmental pollutants.

miR-7/TGF-β2 axis sustains acidic tumor microenvironment-induced lung cancer metastasis

Acidosis, regardless of hypoxia involvement, is recognized as a chronic and harsh tumor microenvironment (TME) that educates malignant cells to thrive and metastasize. Although overwhelming evidence supports an acidic environment as a driver or ubiquitous hallmark of cancer progression, the unrevealed core mechanisms underlying the direct effect of acidification on tumorigenesis have hindered the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and clinical therapy. Here, chemical-induced and transgenic mouse models for colon, liver and lung cancer were established, respectively. miR-7 and TGF-β2 expressions were examined in clinical tissues (n = 184). RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, proteomics, biosynthesis analyses and functional studies were performed to validate the mechanisms involved in the acidic TME-induced lung cancer metastasis. Our data show that lung cancer is sensitive to the increased acidification of TME, and acidic TME-induced lung cancer metastasis via inhibition of miR-7-5p. TGF-β2 is a direct target of miR-7-5p. The reduced expression of miR-7-5p subsequently increases the expression of TGF-β2 which enhances the metastatic potential of the lung cancer. Indeed, overexpression of miR-7-5p reduces the acidic pH-enhanced lung cancer metastasis. Furthermore, the human lung tumor samples also show a reduced miR-7-5p expression but an elevated level of activated TGF-β2; the expressions of both miR-7-5p and TGF-β2 are correlated with patients' survival. We are the first to identify the role of the miR-7/TGF-β2 axis in acidic pH-enhanced lung cancer metastasis. Our study not only delineates how acidification directly affects tumorigenesis, but also suggests miR-7 is a novel reliable biomarker for acidic TME and a novel therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Our study opens an avenue to explore the pH-sensitive subcellular components as novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.

Serological and molecular investigation of B (A) blood group and its transfusion strategy: A case report / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To study the serological and genetic characteristics of a case of B(A) blood group. 【Methods】 Serological and genetic ABO blood group typing were used to analyze the ABO subtype and family inheritance of the probands and her 8 family members. The B(A) blood type sample was used as the blood recipient, and the B-type and O-type donors were selected for cross-matching using microcolumn gel anti-human globulin method to evaluate the blood transfusion strategy. 【Results】 5 out of 9 family blood samples were B(A) phenotype, carrying B(A)04 allele. Among them, 1 was B(A)04/O1 type, and 4 were B(A)04/B type. The primary blood matching of B(A) blood type samples with type B and O recipients were all negative. 【Conclusion】 A total of 5 cases of B(A)04 blood type were found in this family investigation, and there were differences in serological manifestations. Washed RBCs with B and O type can be used for B(A) blood type transfusion, and type B suspended RBCs can be considered in case of emergency.

Detección de Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa en un hospital del norte del Perú / Detection of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a hospital in northern Peru

Objetivo. Comunicar el primer reporte de Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasas. El estudio: Diagnóstico microbiológico empleando métodos fenotípicos: sinergia del doble disco, Test de Hodge modificado, inmunocromatografia y la inactivación del carbapenémico. Hallazgos: Se confirmaron cuatro aislamientos (orinas 3 y sangre 1) de K. pneumoniae productoras de carbapenemasas que además presentaron una CMI de 4 y > = 8 para el ertapenem y > = 16 µg/mL a imipenem y meropenem. Conclusiones: los métodos fenotípicos estandarizados son de utilidad en la confirmación de carbapenemasas y con ello una alternativa para la mejor toma de opciones terapéuticas y vigilancia epidemiológica

Objetive. Communicate the first report of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemases. The study: Microbiological diagnosis using phenotypic methods: d o u b l e d i s c s y n e r g y, m o d i f i e d H o d g e t e s t , i m m u n o c h r o m a t o g r a p h y a n d c a r b a p e n e m i c inactivation. Findings: Four isolates (urine 3 and blood 1) of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae were confirmed, which also presented a MIC of 4 and> = 8 for ertapenem and> = 16 µg / mL at imipenem and meropenem. Conclusion: Standardized phenotypic m e t h o d s a r e u s e f u l i n t h e c o n f i r m a t i o n o f carbapenemases and with it an alternative for the best taking of therapeutic options and epidemiological surveillance

Molecular Mechanism and family research of a pedigree with B(A).06 subtype / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Objective@#To explore the serological and genotypic characteristics of a pedigree with B(A).06 subtype.@*Methods@#Serological methods was used to identify the ABO phenotypes. Exons 6 and 7 of the ABO gene and flanking regions were subjected to direct sequencing and TA clonal sequencing in order to determine the genotype of individuals with inconsistent results for forward and reverse serological typing.@*Results@#Among 12 individuals from 4 generations, 5 were identified with a AwB phenotype, along with a c. 803C>G mutation in exon 7 of the B allele, which was named as B(A).06. The B(A).06/O.01.01 phenotype may be easily missed due to its weak anti-A antibody in the serum upon initial serological test.@*Conclusion@#A B(A).06 subtype family was identified. The serological phenotype of individuals carrying the B(A).06 allele may be affected by the opposite DNA strand.

Value of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D ,homocysteine and apolipoprotein B/A1 in patients with essential hypertension / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the value of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] ,homocysteine (Hcy) and apolipoprotein B/A1 in patients with essential hypertension.Methods Totally 191 cases of essen-tial hypertension admitted in the hospital from May 2016 to May 2017 were selected as observation group ,and were divided into hypertension grade 1 group (54 cases) ,hypertension grade 2 group (78 cases) ,hypertension grade 3 group (59 cases) in accordance with the classification of hypertension.54 healthy people who under-went healthy assessment during the same period were selected as the control group.The changes of serum 25 (OH) D ,Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1 ,and the sensitivity and the specificity of combined detection of 25 (OH)D ,Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1 were compared.Results The serum 25 (OH) D level in the observa-tion group was lower than that in the control group ,while the levels of Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1 were higher than those in the control group ,and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).The level of serum 25 (OH) (OH) D in hypertension grade 3 group was lower than those in hypertension grade 2 group and hypertension grade 1 group ,but the levels of Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1 were higher than those in hy-pertension grade 2 group and hypertension grade 1 group ,and the differencs were statistically significant (P＜0.05) ;the level of serum 25 (OH) D in hypertension grade 2 group was lower than that in hypertension grade 1 group ,but the levels of Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1 were higher than those in hypertension grade 1 group , and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The sensitivity and the specificity of combined de- tection of 25 (OH) D ,Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1 were higher than those of single detection of 25 (OH) D , Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1.Conclusion Serum 25 (OH) D level decreased in patients with essential hyper-tension ,while Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1 levels increased ,and the combined detection of 25(OH)D ,Hcy and apolipoprotein B/A1 had high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis.

Health Risk Impacts of Exposure to Airborne Metals and Benzo(a)Pyrene during Episodes of High PM10 Concentrations in Poland / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To check whether health risk impacts of exposure to airborne metals and Benzo(a) Pyrene during episodes of high PM10 concentrations lead to an increased number of lung cancer cases in Poland.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this work, we gathered data from 2002 to 2014 concerning the ambient concentrations of PM10 and PM10-bound carcinogenic Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] and As, Cd, Pb, and Ni. With the use of the criterion of the exceedance in the daily PM10 mass concentration on at least 50% of all the analyzed stations, the PM10 maxima's were selected. Lung cancer occurrences in periods with and without the episodes were further compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During a 12-year period, 348 large-scale smog episodes occurred in Poland. A total of 307 of these episodes occurred in the winter season, which is characterized by increased emissions from residential heating. The occurrence of episodes significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentrations of PM10-bound carcinogenic As, Cd, Pb, Ni, and B(a)P. During these events, a significant increase in the overall health risk from those PM10-related compounds was also observed. The highest probability of lung cancer occurrences was found in cities, and the smallest probability was found in the remaining areas outside the cities and agglomerations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The link between PM pollution and cancer risk in Poland is a serious public health threat that needs further investigation.</p>

Suppression on invasion and migration of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma after knocking down EZH2 expression / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective:To explore whether EZH2 can regulate the expression of miR-200b/a/429 and,thus,affect human tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC).Methods:EZH2 was knocked down in TSCC lines SCC15 and UM-1 with siRNA(si-EZH2)method.The expression levels of EZH2 and epithelial mesenchymal transition related proteins were detected by Western blot.qPCR was used to determine the expression level of miR-200b/a/429 after knockdown of EZH2.Transwell and wound-healing assays were employed to detect the invasion and migration ability of tumor cells.The cytoskeleton was observed with an immunofluorescence assay.EZH2 expression in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)was detected by an immunofluorescence assay and qPCR.Results:EZH2 was significantly knocked down by siRNA, thus the expression level of miR-200b/a/429 and E-cadherin increased.While the expression of the N-cadherin,Vimentin,MMP2,and MMP9 proteins decreased;the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells in the si-EZH2 group was markedly inhibited.The EZH2 expression level in patients with lymph node metastasis in HNSCC specimens was higher than those without lymph node metastasis(P<0.01).Conclusions:EZH2 inhibits the expression of miR-200b/a/429 and promotes the invasion and migration of TSCC cells.

Identification for rare B(A) blood group / 临床检验杂志

Objective To investigate the serological and molecular identification of 2 rare B( A) blood groups. Methods The ABO blood groups of 2 samples from blood donors were detected by routine serological method. The genotype features was identified by PCR-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) and direct sequence analysis. Results The serological results for the 2 blood donors showed the characteristics of B(A) phenotype. The sample 1 was genotyped as BO2 subtype by PCR-SSP and direct sequencing showed B alleles in exon 7, presented nt640 A＞G mutation which was confirmed to be B(A)04/O02 genotype.The sample 2 was genotyped as BO1 sub-type by PCR-SSP and direct sequencing showed B alleles presented nt700 C＞G mutation in exon 7 which was confirmed to be B(A)02/O01 genotype. Conclusion The phenotype of the two samples should be B ( A ) and the genotypes should be rare B(A)04/O02 and B(A)02/O01.

Ras oncogene and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (hif-1α) expression in the Amazon fish Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

Abstract Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a petroleum derivative capable of inducing cancer in human and animals. In this work, under laboratory conditions, we analyzed the responses of Colossoma macropomum to B[a]P acute exposure through intraperitoneal injection of four different B[a]P concentrations (4, 8, 16 and 32 μmol/kg) or corn oil (control group). We analyzed expression of the ras oncogene and the Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (hif-1α) gene using quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, liver histopathological changes and genotoxic effects were evaluated through the comet assay. Ras oncogene was overexpressed in fish exposed to 4, 8 of 16 μmol/kg B[a]P, showing 4.96, 7.10 and 6.78-fold increases, respectively. Overexpression also occurred in hif-1α in fish injected with 4 and 8 μmol/kg B[a]P, showing 8.82 and 4.64-fold increases, respectively. Histopathological damage in fish liver was classified as irreparable in fish exposed to 8, 16 and 32 μmol/kg μM B[a]P. The genotoxic damage increased in fish injected with 8 and 16 μmol/kg in comparison with the control group. Acute exposure of B[a]P was capable to interrupt the expression of ras oncogene and hif-1α, and increase DNA breaks due to tissue damage.

Identification and molecular mechanism study of a case with B(A)02 allele / 天津医药

Objective To identify and investigate B(A)02 allele in a patient. Methods Serological tests were performed with standard serological methods in a patient with B(A)02 allele. DNA sequences of all seven exons and exon-intron boundaries of ABO gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct DNA sequencing and sequencing after gene cloning. In order to analyze the allele, PyMOL software was used to establish 3D model of Glycosyltransferases B (GTB). Results The serological results showed the characteristics of B(A) phenotype. DNA analysis revealed that ABO gene of the individual was heterozygous of B(A)02/O01 allele. 700C>G mutation was identified in B101 allele, which resulted in the amino acid substitution P234A in GTB. Through the analysis of the 3D structure of GTB, it was speculated that the P234A replacement affected the intermolecular forces of the 234 amino acid and Met-266, thus changed the conformation of the donor-binding pocket of GTB,that made GTB capable of recognizing and tranferring the GalNac to the H antigen, which can lead to the formation of the weak A antigen on membrane of red blood cells. Conclusion The P234A replacement can affect the spatial conformation of the specific recognition region conformed by Met-266 and Ala-268 residues, which leads to the antigenicity change of the ABO blood group.

Apolipoprotein B/A1 Ratio as Risk Factor for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke / 이화의대지

OBJECTIVES: According to current knowledge, apolipoprotein B/A1 (apoB/A1) ratio is like to be risk factor in coronary artery disease. There is evidence form case-control studies that apoB/A1 ratio may be a superior to LDL and HDL cholesterol in discriminating coronary artery disease case subject from control subject. However, relationship between apoB/A1 ratio and cerebral ischemic stroke is undefined. The main object of this study is to determine whether the risk of cerebral ischemic stroke is related to levels of apoB/A1. METHODS: The study group included 643 patients (Men, 372; Women, 271) who diagnosed cerebral ischemic stroke between January 2008 to December 2010. The control groups were composed of 378 patients (Men, 139; Women, 239) who diagnosed other neurological disease. The correlation between lipid profiles and odds ratio of 10 preliminary risk factors (total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, apoA1, apoB, apoB/A1 ratio, non HDL, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, LDL/HDL ratio) for stroke were analyzed. RESULTS: ApoB/A1 ratio was significantly increased in case patients compared with control subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified decrease of apoB/A1 ratio (odds ratio [OR], 1.583; 95% confidence intercal [CI], 1.105~2.269) as significantly associated with stroke. Individual apoA1 (OR, 1.303; 95% CI, 0.967~1.755) and apoB (OR, 1.397; 95% CI, 0.773~2.523) were also not significantly associated with cerebral ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION: Increase of apoB/A1 ratio is associated with an increase risk of cerebral ischemic stroke. Use of apoB/A1 ratio is efficient as conventional lipids, for the identification of subjects at increased risk of stroke. So apoB/A1 ratio to standard lipid profile testing could improve the evaluation of risk factors of cerebral ischemic stroke.

The Effects of Calcium Dobesilate(Doxium) on the Electroretinogram in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of calcium dobesilate (Doxium) on the electroretinographic changes in 60 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients with mild to moderate diabetic retinopathy, randomly assigned to receive either oral calcium dobesilate l000mg twice 8 day for 6 months or without medication. And also the effects of blood HbAlc and retinal photocoaglulation on the electroretinographic changes were evaluated. All patients were tested electroretinography with UTAS-2000 (LKC co., USA) before treatment and six months later respectively. The time interval changes of the electroretinogram were analyzed with student t-test program. As a result, no interval changes of the electroretinographic b-wave amplitudes and b/a ratio were noted in both groups, but the oscillatory potentials were significantly decreased after 6 months in the non-treated group (p:0.002). As compared to calcium dobesilate treated group, the non-treated group with blood HbAlc over 6.5mg% (p:0.008) or treated with retinal photocoagulation (p:0.001) showed a significant decrease of the oscillatory potentials. In conclusion, the administration of calcium dobesilate in the patients with diabetic retinopathy prevents an oscillatory potentials reduction, especially in patients with blood level of HbAlc below 6. 5mg% or treated with retinal photocoagulation.

Electroretinographic Findings in Patients with Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

To evaluate the electroretinographic findings in cases of branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO), Electroretinogram(ERG) were performed according to ISCEV(International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision) protocol in 17 unilateral BRVO patients. According to fluorescein angiographic acute stage group, hemorrhagic area of fundus was evaluated from retinal photo obtained by fundus camera. And correlation between hemorrhagic area and ERG was evaluated In acute stage group, the b-wave amplitude and b/a ratio of scotopic maximal combined response and oscillatory potential were significantly decreased at the affected eye compared unaffected eye. These findings were not found in chronic stage group. The relationship between hemorrhagic area and ERG finding was not detected in acute stage group. ERG findings in the acute stage of BRVO show that main pathologic lesion of BRVO is located in the inner retinal layer and inner retinal circulation. With further follow-up study, It is possible to use ERG data as a predictor of the course of BRVO.

A Servey on B(a)P content of Barracks in Cold Region / 环境与健康杂志

This study reported that B ( a ) P determination was carried out in six barracks indoors and outdoors in Harbin, Changchun, Jinxi cities in winter and summer. The results showed; 1. the B ( a)P concentration was 0.00001-0.1796g/m3, detective rate was 100% in winter but o.0085g/m2 and 27.8% in summer. 2. the B ( a ) P concentration was gradually rising from morning to evening a day. However all of them remain whthin standard value. 3. the B ( a ) P concentration was 3.2, 46.0 and 43.3 times in old barracks as higher as new barracks respectively. 4. In winter, old barracks owing to warm by coat stove, the B ( a ) P concentration was a more than 200-fold increase over new barracks in summer. That suggested: the B ( a ) P increased was due to warming the room by coat stove.

ERG b/a ratio and retinal circulation time of CRVO

Fourteen cases of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) were studied with electroretinogram (ERG) and fluorescein angiogram. The cases were divided into a venous stasis retinopathy group (VSR,9 cases) and a hemorrhagic retinopathy group(HR, 5 cases). The b/a ratio and retinal circualtion time (RCT) were measured and compared with the control group. The mean b/a ratio of the HR group (0.86) was decreased as compared with the VSR group (1.18) and the control group (1.23). The RCT of the HR group was markedly delayed to 13.68 seconds as compared with the VSR group (11.09 sec) and the control group (6.4 sec). These facts suggest that both the b/a ratio and the RCT are possible parameters for estimating retinal ischemia and that the ERG is a reliable examination method for classification of CRVO.